THERMAL EXPANSION

What is Heat?

IN SEARCH OF KNOWLEDGE

Just a tree in the background pondering the manner of things.

This is addressed to those who really want to know how it all works.

It astounds me that no one appears ready to re-examine and really question what science says.

Ask yourself: What is heat?

Contemporary answers on 'heat' are unsatisfactory.

There is no attempt at addressing what this thing is that 'flows from a high energy source to a lower energy destination' and in the process causes molecules in the destination to move faster and further apart.

Labeling something and saying what it does is NOT explaining what it IS or how it works to produce the observed result.

What is the mechanism involved?

How does heat cause a sheet of iron to expand?

Claims that 'heat' causes the kinetic energy of a material's atoms and molecules to increase and this causes them to move about more, thus causing expansion, is addressing an effect, not the mechanism by which that effect comes about.

Physicists know there is something wrong with our understanding of science at the micro level.

Einstein knew this, and carried his most fundamental question to the grave after pondering it for many years:- What is light?

He was quite correct in seeing the answer to this question as central to our understanding of reality but with great hubris considered anyone other than himself who perceived an answer to be a deluded rascal.

To me, a true scientist is never satisfied with nebulous answers, and any answer the understanding of which requires superior intellect to comprehend [such as quantum mechanics], should always be considered suspect.

Everything is, in essence, simple in my view. Perhaps not easy to figure out, but ultimately simple.

If you are in any sense a scientist or want to understand the world around you, please consider the ideas in this simple-minded analysis of heat with an open mind.

Unfortunately, everyone, scientists included, is almost inescapably captivated by what they think they already know, but if YOU are able to break those mental bonds you may be truly excited by what you see.

Thermal Expansion.

Part One.

When sunlight falls upon a sheet of steel the steel expands as it absorbs energy from the light.

Expansion of the metal means that the space between its molecules is increasing. That is, its molecules are moving further apart.

Any material thing that changes its location may only do so under the influence of an applied force. This is true of the weights you may lift in the gym and also of every one of the individual atoms making up those weights.

To move an atom, force must be applied by a material body imparting momentum arising from its moving mass.

As far as I am aware, conventional science has no reasonable explanation for the 'heat' related movement of atoms in the expansion process.

No mechanism is described by which electromagnetic radiation ['light waves'] is able to engage with atoms in a manner capable of applying motive force to them.

Physics is adamant that photons [electromagnetic energy] have no mass and no charge.

This claim presents a major but unaddressed and unspoken challenge to the legitimacy of physics as a science.

The Ignis model puts forward the idea that photons [electromagnetic energy] possess both mass and negative charge very briefly once each cycle of their repetitive alternation between energy and material phases.

This charged, transient physical presence is the only part of their cycle in which photons are able to interact with 'matter'.

The Ignis model says that during its spatially linear path each photon materializes periodically, with the space between material presences being determined by the energy of the individual photon.

High energy photons 'appear' with the space between each physical presence being less than that for lower energy photons.

Diagram 1.

General propagation relationship between photons of different periods.

Each dot in Diag. 1. represents the material presence of a photon possessing mass and charge. Dot sizes indicate the relative level of mass and charge in each instance. It's important to note that photon dots in a line represent the same photon as it repeatedly transitions from the energy to material forms.

It must be stressed that photons exist in the form of undetectable energy between the points shown.

Note that photons may only interact with each other if they materialize at the same time as each other and close enough to each other for their charges to interact. Two negative photons will of course repel under such conditions but in reality this appears to be a rare event.

Please visualize and fully digest the concept of this model of the photon before proceeding further.

Thermal Expansion.

Part Two.

Implications of the Ignis photon model.

Photons of a relatively low energy level appear on a periodically regular basis as minute physical objects with relatively large distances between appearances.

Higher energy photons materialize with higher mass and charge and with relatively short distances between appearances.

Keeping in mind that the energy packets known as photons may only interact with the atoms of material things during their physical presence it can be seen that for most of each period of repetition, as they exist in a non-material state, their energy will bypass atoms of matter without interaction.

Its worth mentioning here that at the scale of the photon a material object such as a sheet of steel consists mostly of vast spaces between its atoms.

Diagram 2.

Photon interaction opportunities.

HEP = high energy photon, LEP = low energy photon.

During the periods between instances of photon physical presence it is not possible to measure or detect them by any means.

Also during the portions of their travel when they are not in a material state [no mass and no charge], which is for most of their travel distance, photons will pass through matter as if they were ghosts going through a wall.

The preceding concepts are critical for an understanding of many aspects of physical reality that presently await coherent answers from contemporary physics. One example of this is that the charge-free state is the significant factor permitting negatively charged 'electrons' to pass through a negatively charged barrier region in the tunneling effect utilized in technology [based on the phenomenon observed in the tunnel-diode].

When armed with a firm grasp of the ideas outlined so far the reader will see that high-energy photons, ones with their mass and charge appearing frequently over a given distance, are more likely to materialize in the vicinity of the atoms of a material object.

When this occurs the minute mass of the moving photon will have some, but a very small affect upon the path of the atom it encounters but the path of the photon may change dramatically.

As a mass with negative charge, a photon will be repelled by [bounce off] the negative electron field of the vastly more massive atoms it encounters.

Visualize such a photon as a tiny ball bouncing off a much, much larger ball with its new direction of travel determined by the photon's angle of incidence with the atom's charge field.

Also be aware that all of the atoms encountered are in constant motion and their instantaneous speed and direction will also influence the path of a reflected photon

 

Untold numbers of such photons emanating from a 'heat' source such as the sun, each with an immeasurably small influence upon their surrounding atoms, in combination exert sufficient force upon the atoms of our sheet of steel to push them further apart in the phenomenon called thermal expansion.

To give some idea of the number of photons from the sun that may heat our sheet of metal please consider this:

It has been calculated approximately that if a barrier with a 1cm square opening is at a distance of 1m from a 100W incandescent light bulb the number of photons passing through that opening per second is:

~ 24 million billion photons/sec.

From a mere 100 watts!

To put this number in some sort of perspective, if you want only one photon from this source to pass through your 1cm square opening each second you will need to move the hole to a distance of approximately:

435Km from the 100W lamp!

Photons of any energy level [any mass, charge and repetition rate] may interact with the atoms of a material thing but may only do so if they materialize in the vicinity of its atoms.

Low energy, low repetition rate photons may thus penetrate more deeply within the atomic structure of matter [with your skin, for example, low energy infrared penetrates further than higher energy ultraviolet] before interacting with its atoms.

High energy, high repetition rate photons have less initial penetrating ability than their lower energy counterparts and, while more likely to be reflected by 'surface' atoms, also contribute the major heating effect within the matter. This occurs because of their high energy, high mass and charge characteristics and because, if they do penetrate the surface, their short repetition distance tends to 'trap' them in frequent reflections between atoms.

Please realize that photons materializing with greater distance between occurrences more readily exit the metal sheet and even while present within it make little contribution to the expansion effect owing to their low mass and charge interacting infrequently with atomic structures.

Diagram 3.

Examples of the repellent interaction of photons within matter.

In Diag. 3. photon P1 will not interact with atoms of the metal sheet as it does not materialize within its structure.

The repetition period of P2 is identical to that of P1 [same 'frequency'] but as its presence is not synchronous with that of P1 and is spatially offset sufficiently from it it materializes within the metal sheet so it may be reflected several times before eventually being emitted from a surface and at an angle determined by the precise atomic reflections it has undergone before that time. Note that emission may be from the same surface by which it entered the sheet of metal.

After approaching the metal 'surface', if not immediately reflected away from a 'surface', or 'near surface' atom of the metal sheet, P3 is likely to interact frequently with atoms of the metal structure, potentially 'bouncing around' on an intricate path over a significant period before eventual emission from a 'surface' at the angle of its last reflection.

Please note that anything but a direct, unimpeded path through a material such as glass delays a photon's propagation from one 'surface' to the other owing to a possibly complex reflection path and this gives rise to the incorrect idea that the speed of light is slowed as it passes through a 'transparent' medium. It has instead followed an elongated path to reach the point of detection.

Thermal Expansion.

Part Three.

Some photons are not reflected by some atoms.

In the Ignis hypothesis, photons reflected within a material structure as previously described are referred to as 'thermal photons' as they embody the 'heat' energy it contains.

It would be remiss of me not to mention here that while most energy levels of photon [conventionally referred to as most frequencies] in sunlight will be reflected by atoms as described, some will behave quite differently. Photons at particular frequencies determined by the characteristics of the atoms of the matter they encounter, will interact with them in a more complex manner.

Photon frequencies compatible with the atoms in their path may be captured by those atoms and temporarily combine with an 'electron shell' of that atom. This is explored on the website given here but may also be explained in detail in a later blogger post.  http://www.hereticalphysics.com  website closed. See the following Web Archive link:

https://web.archive.org/web/20220818170117/http://hereticalphysics.com/#Bookmark_2

 

In addition, extremely high energy photons such as gamma rays materialize in close proximity on successive occurrences with high mass and high charge which gives them great penetrating power.

Unlike low energy photons that penetrate deeply owing to infrequent materialization, very high energy photons penetrate with sheer force that has a major disruptive impact on atoms in their paths.

***

If you followed the foregoing explanation and understood what it had to say you may now have a more precise understanding of 'heat' and thermal expansion than provided in existing physics textbooks.

Despite being widely available over a period of several years the photon concept described here, although controversial, has not been discussed or disputed in any regard. Is there a factual or logical flaw in the argument? Why has no counter argument been presented?

***

Thank you for reading and I hope it made sense to you.

Please respond to this post with any comments and criticisms you wish to make, either here or to hereticalphysics@gmail.com .

Considerable more detail on the Ignis hypothesis may be found on the Web Archive site given above.

If you found the argument convincing, please refer others to it and link it wherever you can.

Thank you.

Agnosco.