THERMAL EXPANSION

What is Heat?

IN SEARCH OF KNOWLEDGE

Just a tree in the background pondering the manner of things.

This is addressed to those who really want to know how it all works.

It astounds me that no one appears ready to re-examine and really question what science says.

Ask yourself: What is heat?

Contemporary answers on 'heat' are unsatisfactory.

There is no attempt at addressing what this thing is that 'flows from a high energy source to a lower energy destination' and in the process causes molecules in the destination to move faster and further apart.

Labeling something and saying what it does is NOT explaining what it IS or how it works to produce the observed result.

What is the mechanism involved?

How does heat cause a sheet of iron to expand?

Claims that 'heat' causes the kinetic energy of a material's atoms and molecules to increase and this causes them to move about more, thus causing expansion, is addressing an effect, not the mechanism by which that effect comes about.

Physicists know there is something wrong with our understanding of science at the micro level.

Einstein knew this, and carried his most fundamental question to the grave after pondering it for many years:- What is light?

He was quite correct in seeing the answer to this question as central to our understanding of reality but with great hubris considered anyone other than himself who perceived an answer to be a deluded rascal.

To me, a true scientist is never satisfied with nebulous answers, and any answer the understanding of which requires superior intellect to comprehend [such as quantum mechanics], should always be considered suspect.

Everything is, in essence, simple in my view. Perhaps not easy to figure out, but ultimately simple.

If you are in any sense a scientist or want to understand the world around you, please consider the ideas in this simple-minded analysis of heat with an open mind.

Unfortunately, everyone, scientists included, is almost inescapably captivated by what they think they already know, but if YOU are able to break those mental bonds you may be truly excited by what you see.

Thermal Expansion.

Part One.

When sunlight falls upon a sheet of steel the steel expands as it absorbs energy from the light.

Expansion of the metal means that the space between its molecules is increasing. That is, its molecules are moving further apart.

Any material thing that changes its location may only do so under the influence of an applied force. This is true of the weights you may lift in the gym and also of every one of the individual atoms making up those weights.

To move an atom, force must be applied by a material body imparting momentum arising from its moving mass.

As far as I am aware, conventional science has no reasonable explanation for the 'heat' related movement of atoms in the expansion process.

No mechanism is described by which electromagnetic radiation ['light waves'] is able to engage with atoms in a manner capable of applying motive force to them.

Physics is adamant that photons [electromagnetic energy] have no mass and no charge.

This claim presents a major but unaddressed and unspoken challenge to the legitimacy of physics as a science.

The Ignis model puts forward the idea that photons [electromagnetic energy] possess both mass and negative charge very briefly once each cycle of their repetitive alternation between energy and material phases.

This charged, transient physical presence is the only part of their cycle in which photons are able to interact with 'matter'.

The Ignis model says that during its spatially linear path each photon materializes periodically, with the space between material presences being determined by the energy of the individual photon.

High energy photons 'appear' with the space between each physical presence being less than that for lower energy photons.

Diagram 1.

General propagation relationship between photons of different periods.

Each dot in Diag. 1. represents the material presence of a photon possessing mass and charge. Dot sizes indicate the relative level of mass and charge in each instance. It's important to note that photon dots in a line represent the same photon as it repeatedly transitions from the energy to material forms.

It must be stressed that photons exist in the form of undetectable energy between the points shown.

Note that photons may only interact with each other if they materialize at the same time as each other and close enough to each other for their charges to interact. Two negative photons will of course repel under such conditions but in reality this appears to be a rare event.

Please visualize and fully digest the concept of this model of the photon before proceeding further.

Thermal Expansion.

Part Two.

Implications of the Ignis photon model.

Photons of a relatively low energy level appear on a periodically regular basis as minute physical objects with relatively large distances between appearances.

Higher energy photons materialize with higher mass and charge and with relatively short distances between appearances.

Keeping in mind that the energy packets known as photons may only interact with the atoms of material things during their physical presence it can be seen that for most of each period of repetition, as they exist in a non-material state, their energy will bypass atoms of matter without interaction.

Its worth mentioning here that at the scale of the photon a material object such as a sheet of steel consists mostly of vast spaces between its atoms.

Diagram 2.

Photon interaction opportunities.

HEP = high energy photon, LEP = low energy photon.

During the periods between instances of photon physical presence it is not possible to measure or detect them by any means.

Also during the portions of their travel when they are not in a material state [no mass and no charge], which is for most of their travel distance, photons will pass through matter as if they were ghosts going through a wall.

The preceding concepts are critical for an understanding of many aspects of physical reality that presently await coherent answers from contemporary physics. One example of this is that the charge-free state is the significant factor permitting negatively charged 'electrons' to pass through a negatively charged barrier region in the tunneling effect utilized in technology [based on the phenomenon observed in the tunnel-diode].

When armed with a firm grasp of the ideas outlined so far the reader will see that high-energy photons, ones with their mass and charge appearing frequently over a given distance, are more likely to materialize in the vicinity of the atoms of a material object.

When this occurs the minute mass of the moving photon will have some, but a very small affect upon the path of the atom it encounters but the path of the photon may change dramatically.

As a mass with negative charge, a photon will be repelled by [bounce off] the negative electron field of the vastly more massive atoms it encounters.

Visualize such a photon as a tiny ball bouncing off a much, much larger ball with its new direction of travel determined by the photon's angle of incidence with the atom's charge field.

Also be aware that all of the atoms encountered are in constant motion and their instantaneous speed and direction will also influence the path of a reflected photon

 

Untold numbers of such photons emanating from a 'heat' source such as the sun, each with an immeasurably small influence upon their surrounding atoms, in combination exert sufficient force upon the atoms of our sheet of steel to push them further apart in the phenomenon called thermal expansion.

To give some idea of the number of photons from the sun that may heat our sheet of metal please consider this:

It has been calculated approximately that if a barrier with a 1cm square opening is at a distance of 1m from a 100W incandescent light bulb the number of photons passing through that opening per second is:

~ 24 million billion photons/sec.

From a mere 100 watts!

To put this number in some sort of perspective, if you want only one photon from this source to pass through your 1cm square opening each second you will need to move the hole to a distance of approximately:

435Km from the 100W lamp!

Photons of any energy level [any mass, charge and repetition rate] may interact with the atoms of a material thing but may only do so if they materialize in the vicinity of its atoms.

Low energy, low repetition rate photons may thus penetrate more deeply within the atomic structure of matter [with your skin, for example, low energy infrared penetrates further than higher energy ultraviolet] before interacting with its atoms.

High energy, high repetition rate photons have less initial penetrating ability than their lower energy counterparts and, while more likely to be reflected by 'surface' atoms, also contribute the major heating effect within the matter. This occurs because of their high energy, high mass and charge characteristics and because, if they do penetrate the surface, their short repetition distance tends to 'trap' them in frequent reflections between atoms.

Please realize that photons materializing with greater distance between occurrences more readily exit the metal sheet and even while present within it make little contribution to the expansion effect owing to their low mass and charge interacting infrequently with atomic structures.

Diagram 3.

Examples of the repellent interaction of photons within matter.

In Diag. 3. photon P1 will not interact with atoms of the metal sheet as it does not materialize within its structure.

The repetition period of P2 is identical to that of P1 [same 'frequency'] but as its presence is not synchronous with that of P1 and is spatially offset sufficiently from it it materializes within the metal sheet so it may be reflected several times before eventually being emitted from a surface and at an angle determined by the precise atomic reflections it has undergone before that time. Note that emission may be from the same surface by which it entered the sheet of metal.

After approaching the metal 'surface', if not immediately reflected away from a 'surface', or 'near surface' atom of the metal sheet, P3 is likely to interact frequently with atoms of the metal structure, potentially 'bouncing around' on an intricate path over a significant period before eventual emission from a 'surface' at the angle of its last reflection.

Please note that anything but a direct, unimpeded path through a material such as glass delays a photon's propagation from one 'surface' to the other owing to a possibly complex reflection path and this gives rise to the incorrect idea that the speed of light is slowed as it passes through a 'transparent' medium. It has instead followed an elongated path to reach the point of detection.

Thermal Expansion.

Part Three.

Some photons are not reflected by some atoms.

In the Ignis hypothesis, photons reflected within a material structure as previously described are referred to as 'thermal photons' as they embody the 'heat' energy it contains.

It would be remiss of me not to mention here that while most energy levels of photon [conventionally referred to as most frequencies] in sunlight will be reflected by atoms as described, some will behave quite differently. Photons at particular frequencies determined by the characteristics of the atoms of the matter they encounter, will interact with them in a more complex manner.

Photon frequencies compatible with the atoms in their path may be captured by those atoms and temporarily combine with an 'electron shell' of that atom. This concept is explored further at:

https://photon-interactions.blogspot.com/2025/12/the-electron-orbit.html?m=1

 

In addition, extremely high energy photons such as gamma rays materialize in close proximity on successive occurrences with high mass and high charge which gives them great penetrating power.

Unlike low energy photons that penetrate deeply owing to infrequent materialization, very high energy photons penetrate with sheer force that has a major disruptive impact on atoms in their paths.

***

If you followed the foregoing explanation and understood what it had to say you may now have a more precise understanding of 'heat' and thermal expansion than provided in existing physics textbooks.

Despite being widely available over a period of several years the photon concept described here, although controversial, has not been discussed or disputed in any regard. Is there a factual or logical flaw in the argument? Why has no counter argument been presented?

***

Thank you for reading and I hope it made sense to you.

Please respond to this post with any comments and criticisms you wish to make, either here or to hereticalphysics@gmail.com 

Considerable more detail on the Ignis hypothesis may be found on the Web Archive site at:

https://photon-interactions.blogspot.com/2024/11/heretical-physics-ex-website.html?m=1

If you found the argument convincing, please refer others to it and link it wherever you can.

Thank you.

Agnosco.

SPEED LIMIT

SPEED

Light is a portion of the range of electromagnetic energy propagating in discrete packets known as photons.

The Ignis Theory of Light

[Applies to the full spectrum of electromagnetic energy.]

In the absence of interaction, each photon propagates in a perpetually repeating cycle through low mass/high energy and high mass/low energy phases, with individual photon mass and energy being immeasurably small.

At the beginning of each propagation cycle the intrinsic lowest mass of a photon is accelerated by the force exerted by its intrinsic maximum energy.

The initial [intrinsic] mass of a photon accumulates inertial mass under acceleration.

Inertial mass accumulation ceases when all photon energy is consumed when it is completely expressed as mass by its acceleration.

On cessation of acceleration the mass of a photon reverts to its intrinsic level, once again under the accelerating force of its full energy content, at the beginning of it's next cycle.

The high rate of acceleration of high energy photons produces a shorter repetition period than that exhibited by low energy photons.

The repetition period of a photon is directly proportional to its energy, 

Each photon possesses an immeasurably small electric charge proportional to its instantaneous mass.

High energy photons exhibit higher mass and charge than low energy photons.

MATTER

In an early universe consisting initially of energy alone, positively and negatively charged photons interacted to cause the complex captured photon relationships that exist as matter. [Discussed elsewhere].

All particles of matter [atoms] are an intrinsically stable mass/charge relationship between the particular photons they comprise.

Speed Limitation

As an atom of matter within a space-ship, for example, is accelerated, each constituent photon comprising that matter gains additional energy and mass derived from the accelerating energy [chemical engine for instance].

If available, continued acceleration progressively increases the energy of any given photon, consequently progressively reducing its repetition period toward zero.

This zero/minimum repletion period would theoretically be attained first by the highest energy photons comprising the atom in question and progressively by lower energy associated photons if some catastrophic breakdown or unknown transition had not already occurred.

Beyond Light Speed

A source of acceleration beyond what is known in the universe would be necessary to accelerate matter past Light Speed if indeed matter could be seen as even existing at that point.

The mass/charge relationship established  within and allowing the separate existence of the atom in question could be seen to be catastrophically disrupted by the process previously discussed.

This appears likely to result in the rapid and total release of all of the energy aggregated to form the atom initially.

THE 'ORBITAL' ELECTRON.

The Electron.

 ‘Quantum physics, however, revealed that an electron in an atom can be in one place, and then, as if by magic, reappear in another without ever being anywhere in between, by emitting or absorbing a quantum of energy. This was a phenomenon beyond the ken of classical, non-quantum physics.’ 

QUANTUM - Einstein, Bohr and the Great Debate About the Nature of Reality by Manjit Kumar

https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/6448772-quantum.

The following video provides a 21st century physicists ‘explanation’ for this phenomenon:

https://www.facebook.com/share/v/1A8TXBfZ6H/

In the Ignis hypothetical model, the electron ‘surrounding’ the nucleus of a hydrogen atom [for example] exists as a cloud of equal period photons cycling individually between their energy and matter forms at a radius determined by their period of oscillation between states.

[Note that the photons comprising an electron do not meld into a single energy packet that ' orbits' the nucleus in the form of many cycles of the ‘electron’ frequency but continue to ‘circulate’ as photons at the absorbed ‘resonant frequency’.].

The cloud of photons remains captivated by the atom owing to the photons cyclic materialisation period and the negative charge exhibited by them when in the particulate mode being attracted to the positive charge of the nucleus. This concept will be explained below.

Photons cycle through the electromagnetic and particulate states as described elsewhere in this hypothesis and at a rate determined by their energy content.

*******

Consider the interaction of the positively charged nucleus of an atom with photons as described in the Ignis hypothesis.

A photon approaching an atomic nucleus cycles through the energetic and material states previously described at a rate determined by its energy level.

A high energy photon materializes more frequently than a low energy photon, thus its material states occur more closely spaced together.

If a negatively charged [materialized] photon appears within acquisition range of the positive charge of an atomic nucleus it is drawn toward that nucleus.

Several possibilities now exist as the photon dematerializes and continues in its previous direction toward the nucleus as a packet of essentially uncharged energy.

As the energy packet continues through the nucleus without interaction, it progressively acquires mass and charge as it travels.

What occurs next is determined by the repetition period [spatial distance between material occurrences] of the photon and by the strength of the charge of the nucleus [number of protons].

Having passed through the nucleus, if a photon has gained sufficient negative charge while still within acquisition range of the charge of the nucleus and if its momentum is sufficiently low, the photon will be pulled back toward the nucleus.

For a limited range of photon energies and nucleus charges, a photon that passes through a nucleus as described, will become trapped within a continuous cycle of sequential passes through the nucleus under the influence of charge attraction.

Such a photon will then repeatedly present its most highly materialized and charged state at a distance from the nucleus determined by its energy and the nucleus charge of the atom [number of protons].

This is the ‘orbital’ distance of what is conventionally referred to as an electron.

Photons materializing less frequently than those described above, having passed through the nucleus without interaction, only acquire significant negative charge beyond re-acquisition range of the nucleus charge and will thus avoid capture.

While circumstances for higher energy photons are less clear to this author, it is speculated that they may have sufficient momentum to avoid capture.

It can be seen that the acquisition of many equal energy photons by an atomic nucleus will produce a 'cloud' of such photons materializing at a distance from the nucleus determined by their energy level.

Mutual repulsion between the negative charges of these photons will lead to their balanced distribution around the nucleus in the form of an 'electron cloud’ as previously described.

No 'orbital' energy losses are involved as the 'electron' is not orbiting the nucleus as historically imagined.

It may now be seen that the 'orbital distance' relationship to the energy of the 'electron' [photon cloud] arises from the repetition period of the photons involved rather than the 'wavelength' of a perceived electromagnetic wave.

What has previously been referred to as a virtual wave-guide can now be seen to behave as what may be termed an infinite Q [lossless], virtual resonant cavity.

*******

An electron virtual tuned cavity is able to absorb photons at its resonant frequency up to the point of saturation. Electrons of most atoms with which we are familiar will rarely be in this condition owing to the ongoing absorption and emission of photons as they exist in an environment rich with photon [energy] sources.

When an electron is saturated, it is suggested that absorption of an additional incident photon corresponding to the 'wavelength' of the wave-guide formed at its resonant frequency causes the electron to enter an over-energized condition in which the mutual repulsion of the photons overcomes their attraction to the nucleus, a condition that requires a re-balancing of the forces distributed within the photonic cloud.

This redistribution of energies results in the 'electron' transiting to the next energy band [for example from n1 to n2], an unstable condition generally leading to the subsequent emission of a photon and a return to the lower energy band.

Note that this transition occurs during an energy phase of the photons, thus the 'electron'  'physically disappears' at one orbital, [n1 for instance] and 'reappears' at a higher orbital, [n2 for example], giving rise to the common  belief that the electron enters 'the quantum field' and is replaced by one that emerges from 'the quantum field' at the higher orbital.

Prior to the point of saturation the photons within an electron exist in a state of dynamic tension between each other caused by the mutual repulsion of their negative charges when in their material phases. In the absence of other influences this repulsion will maintain an even distribution of materialized photons around the nucleus of the atom.

This even distribution is seen as occurring through the particulate forms moving equidistantly from each other under mutual repulsion before reverting to their next energetic state as they once again transition through the nucleus without affective mass or charge.

The degree of tension between photons increases with the addition of each additional photon and causes a redistribution of all of the photons comprising the electron in such a manner as to maintain a balance between the forces involved.

This process continues with the absorption of additional photons until the repulsive forces among the photons overcome the attractive force of the nucleus, at which point the energies within the electron are redistributed into photons of a ' wavelength' [repetition distance] that causes their orbital radius to increase to a point where the balance between attractive and repulsive forces is restored. This occurs with a greater spatial separation between the photons’ material phases due to their lower 'frequency' [longer wavelength] and the resultant increased diameter of their 'orbit'.

The 'electron' in question is at this point unable to absorb further photons of n1 energy but may absorb photons of a wavelength equal to its new, lower 'frequency', resonant energy.

Energy levels above n1 are unstable as, with photon material states more widely distributed, the repulsive force between them is only marginally able to overwhelm the attraction of the nucleus and a tendency exists for the electron to return to the n1 orbital.

If there is no incident energy [no absorbed photons] at the wavelength of the virtual wave-guide at the new orbital radius the electron will emit a packet of energy at the n1 energy level and return to the stable saturated state at n1 with the energy redistributed once again into n1 'frequency' [energy] packets..

During the period in which the electron existed at the higher energy level, n2 for example, [before emission of a photon] it may absorb photons resonant with its new, lower 'frequency' [resonant period] and may continue to do so until the saturation level of that shell is exceeded by the addition of a photon causing that shell to overcome nucleus attraction and transition once again to a higher energy orbit such as n3..

Note that even though the photons ‘circulating’ within the electron in the n3 orbit are, at this stage, individually of a lower energy [lower 'frequency', longer 'wavelength'] than those at either n1 or n2 their combined energy is greater than the combined energy in the lower orbits by the sum of the energies added by all the photons incorporated above the saturation levels of n1 and n2..

Note also that when the electron transited to the n2 orbit from the n1 orbit, it did so in an unsaturated state for that orbit owing to the degree of separation of the photons within it and the same unsaturated condition exists for all 'electrons' transiting to higher energy levels. A number of, probably very many, additional photons will need to be absorbed by the electron at each level before this level becomes saturated and able to transit to a yet higher energy level [n4 for example] with the addition of one more photon..

When initially within the n3 orbit, the electron is in an unstable condition owing to the wide spatial distribution of charge carriers within it [as in the n2 level] and is prone to collapse back to a lower level, perhaps as far as the n1 level but this will not occur if the electron is subjected to sufficient incident radiation at a ‘frequency’ resonant with the n3 orbit. Such additions of energy will drive the electron toward saturation at that level, with the potential to elevate it to a higher energy orbit once again..

If no, or insufficient energy is added to the electron while at the n3 level, the wide distribution of photons within it will result in a collapse of the electron back to a lower level, and if this is the n1 level, in the process it will emit a single photon with an energy equal to that of the sum of the photon energies that had promoted the electron from the n1 energy level to the n3 energy level..

The process described above is identical for all energy levels of an 'electron', with the exception that at some radial distance from the nucleus the addition of a photon to a final saturated n-level will drive the electron to a radial distance at which the attraction holding the photons captive to the nucleus will be insufficient to retain them and the electron [an actual electron] will be released as a negative ion comprising the mass and charge of all of the photons that contributed to its energy.

This explains how a single photon with tiny momentum compared with that of an electron causes the release of an ‘electron’ in the photoelectric effect. This ‘free electron’ is a photon with the sum of the energies of n1 and all additional incident photons that promoted the ‘electron’ to the release level. Such an entity possesses far greater energy than other photons within the molecular structure of the material involved. It therefore also presents a relatively greater mass in its particulate form and if not ‘directed’ by an applied emf will add significantly to ‘thermal’ effects.

Please note that at any time during which any electron energy level [eg, n1] of an atom is in an unsaturated condition the atom will possess some residual degree of positive charge as the charge of its protons is not fully offset. This could be seen as the normal condition for most atoms present in an energy rich environment, or perhaps in any environment. This is a critically important characteristic of matter, as will be seen elsewhere.

It should now be seen that when a photon approaches an atom it may only be reflected if it is presenting as a negative field at the time it encounters a negative presenting 'electron' [or photon cloud] in an 'electron' of an atom either at or beneath the material’s ‘surface’. The angle of reflection will result from the instantaneous arrangement of negative state photons ['electron 'surface' curve] in the 'electron' when encountered by the approaching photon.

*******

‘Orbital’ electron mass results from the sum of the masses of its constituent particulate photons.

‘Orbital electron' charge arises from the sum of charges presented by the material occurrences of the photons of which it is comprised.

In an energy rich environment, the sum of  orbital electron negative charges for all orbital shells will be less than the positive charge of the atomic nucleus with which they are associated.

GRAVITY

THE ORIGIN OF GRAVITY

 https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/new-theory-suggests-gravity-is-not-a-fundamental-force/

I agree that gravity is not a fundamental force, as claimed in the linked article, and while the thrust of the thinking in that article is in the right direction in seeing gravity as arising “from the ‘quantum-level behavior of ordinary matter’”, …....

….... the theorists need a little assistance.

FUNDAMENTALS

The nominal electric charge of a single electron is given as:

1.60217663 X 10-19 coulomb's.

Should it becomes possible for human scientists to actually measure the charge of individual electrons within an atom, it will be found that, rather than being a constant, the charge of electrons [within an atomic structure, as distinct from that of 'free' electrons] is variable and is determined by external factors.

It would be learned that, in the dynamic internal atomic environment, each electron will exhibit a charge ranging from the nominal figure to something less than that figure.

The highest charge exhibited by a given electron can be taken to represent it being in a ‘fully charged’ condition. The distinction between the charge of a free electron [one not within an atomic structure], which is always fully charged, and one existing within the dynamic structure of an atom, arises from the interaction between incident energy [photons] and the energy bands of the atom.

For an explanation of this concept, please see:

http://photon-interactions.blogspot.com/2025/12/the-electron-orbit.html

It will also be understood that, under ‘normal’ dynamic circumstances, few, if any electrons exist in this ‘fully charged’ state.

This means that the charge of atomic protons is not fully offset by the sum of the charges of their associated electrons.

CONCLUSION

The charge exhibited in close proximity to an atomic structure will be negative, as determined by its associated electrons and this charge will act to repel close proximity molecules, which themselves exhibit a near-field negative charge.

At a greater distance from the atomic nucleus however, the same molecule will exhibit a positive charge resulting from the remnant proton charge remaining uncancelled by a less than fully charged electron field.

This remnant positive atomic charge exists as an attractive force upon all electrons and electron-associated matter in the universe.

This is gravitational attraction.

Please note:

Richard Feynman said in his lectures:

“Suppose that we have two unlikes that attract each other, a plus and a minus, and that they stick very close together. Suppose we have another charge some distance away. Would it feel any attraction?

It would feel practically none, because if the first two are equal in size, the attraction for the one and the repulsion for the other balance out. Therefore there is very little force at any appreciable distance.

To give an idea of how much stronger electricity is than gravitation, consider two grains of sand, a millimeter across, thirty meters apart.

If the force between them were not balanced, if everything attracted everything else instead of likes repelling, so that there were no cancellation, how much force would there be? There would be a force of three million tons between the two!

You see, there is very, very little excess or deficit of the number of negative or positive charges necessary to produce appreciable electrical effects.”

The above quote illustrates how a small deficit of photons in an ‘electron’ can cause the ‘weak’ force known as gravity. It may be read as agreeing that ‘gravity’ is equivalent to an uncancelled very small residue of electrical charge.

The remaining un-neutralized residue of each atom’s positive electric field is viewed in this hypothesis as being responsible for the phenomenon known as gravity. If this is so, it can thus be seen that gravity may be viewed as a quantized phenomenon.

Although this is of course still the electric force, which is considered to be the ‘strong’ force, in this view of gravity we are looking at a small component only, merely a remnant of this force, arising from a photon deficit, hence the relative weakness of the attraction involved.

An understanding of the described phenomenon provides a clear view of the nature and mechanism of Gravity.

FORMATION OF THE MULTIVERSE

 

FORMATION OF THE MULTIVERSE

Particles of light.

Consider the following hypothesis:-

 

A photon, when emitted, exists as a packet of energy that has a finite but immeasurably small mass.

The force propelling an emitted photon is determined by the energy of the photon.

The higher the energy level of a photon the greater its rate of acceleration.

The speed of such an accelerated packet of energy increases rapidly toward an almost infinite target speed, acquiring an inertial mass increase commensurate with its speed.

As the speed of an emitted photon approaches a fundamental limit [currently considered to be about 300,000 Km per second] the rate of photon inertial mass gain increases very rapidly, until, at the fundamental limit, there is insufficient energy for further mass acceleration.

Further, as the speed of the photon approaches the fundamental speed limit the photon progressively materializes as a minute physical particle possessing increasing inertial mass and with increasingly negative charge while its time rate [relative to an observer] approaches zero.

During the final stage in this process all of the energy of the photon is exhibited as mass possessing a negative charge.

At this point the photon ‘pivots’ on the verge of a zero-time, zero-motion condition in which its inertial mass and the associated kinetic energy once again exhibit as electromagnetic energy accelerating  its associated minute particle as if newly emitted from an atomic structure..

The described process repeats in the form of successive transitions between the energetic and material states of the photon and this oscillation occurs at a rate determined by the energy content of the photon, with a high energy photon transitioning at a higher ‘frequency’ [repetition rate] than that of a low energy photon..

A lower frequency [lower energy] photon therefore goes through less transitions in a given period of time than a higher ‘frequency’ photon and, being at a lower energy level, its rate of acceleration will also be less than that of a higher energy photon, thus it is anticipated to spend more time as a materializing particle before reaching the speed where it transitions to its next energy phase..

Photons of higher energy content initially accelerate more rapidly than those of lower energy but as they approach the fundamental limit sooner, they are in addition subjected to greater mass effects resulting in a rapid reduction in their rate of acceleration in the latter stages of their cycle, giving rise to equal overall average speed. A 1GHz photon, for example, will pass through two energy/mass transitions during the time and over the distance that a 500MHz photon does so once, but the average propagation speed remains the same for each..

If the foregoing is correct, an implication is that ‘c’, as the measured speed of electromagnetic radiation, is really the average of the speeds attained throughout the cycle and that the maximum speed of the photon is in fact higher than 300,000 Km per second.

Macro-level measurement is of course unable to detect this speed variation of photons as their detection is only possible in the latter period of their cycle when they exhibit sufficient mass and charge to interact with the material substance of our measuring equipment..

The form in which electromagnetic radiation [a photon of light for example] exists at any instant depends upon the precise time within a cycle of oscillation.

 

* * *

 

It is evident from this discussion that while each propagating photon appears in reality to have a continuous stream of existence its occurrence in either of its major forms [energy or matter] can perhaps be viewed as quantised, leaving the impression that ‘light’ propagates as a series of discrete packets.

No photon of electromagnetic energy may continue to accelerate beyond the speed at which its energy is entirely exhibited as ‘mass’. This has been found to occur at the same speed [over macro distances] for all energy levels [frequencies]. This is the ‘speed of light’.

It has been hypothesized and to this time found to be the case that no form of energy may exceed the speed of ‘light’.

All matter is known to consist entirely of energy.

It is proposed that all forms of energy, whether they be the ‘photons’ forming electrons as described in another section of this article or those entities speculated by this author to comprise the protons and neutrons of an atom’s nucleus, oscillate continuously between the described material and energy conditions.

It should thus be clear that no material thing may exceed the speed beyond that of propagating energy.

It is also proposed that only in their material condition are such entities able to interact with each other through their charge relationship. Thus material events may only occur during the time segments in which ‘matter’ is present. It must be stressed that these segments are only a portion of actual time and that no physical event can ‘happen’ when matter is not present.

A material thing of course comprises a vastly complex system of such relationships between non-identical ‘on again, off again’ motes of matter and it is the aggregate of these relationships that presents us with the material world around us and also with that world’s progress through time.

Formation of Matter From Energy.

 

Hypothesis:-             Matter is a consequence of the interaction of moving charge carriers.

 

We may be able to take useful inferences from the forgoing in regard to the formation of matter.

Although the photons of our familiar environment appear to be almost exclusively of the negatively charged variety the early universe is considered here to have consisted of both positively and negatively charged photons.

 

Because like charges repel and unlike charges attract it can be seen that The Big Bang or its equivalent may have been a vast source of moving positive and negative charge carriers [energy ‘particles’], radiating away from an origin.

 

If these charge carriers comprised energy that propagated and behaved as described for photons in this hypothesis it is seen as likely that the extensive and continuous spectrum of energy levels [‘frequencies’] produced in The Big Bang would have resulted in a very wide range of deflection angles as charge carriers of the full range of energies [same polarity, equal or differing charge intensities] repelled each other.

 

Because positive charges would have commenced to diverge from each other under the influence of their mutual repulsion and negative charges would have done likewise, this particle path deviation would have caused the subsequent convergence of many charge carriers.

 

Path coincidence of such deflected charge carriers would have led to cascading deflections in what would, essentially instantly, become a ‘boiling maelstrom’ of swirling energy and ultimately, as will be seen, particles of matter.

 

It is hypothesized that positively and negatively charged particles will be drawn together if their paths converge and their charge presences coincide in time and location. The outcome of such physical attraction will be determined by the energy relationship between the particles involved.

 

* * *

 

Should positive and negative particles of equal energy [same ‘frequency’] coincide as described they will continue together on a path resulting from their angle of incidence. They will then be closely associated particles appearing as one entity possessing the combined energy and mass of its constituents. This new ‘particle’ will exhibit zero charge externally to itself except at extremely short distances however* owing to the opposite and equal charges of its component parts masking each other’s charges.

 

*[Because no two particles may occupy the same ‘space’ they must in these associations exist in some manner adjacent to each other and thereby exhibit very small charge to points immediately beside each one on their side opposite the union.]

 

Note that the combined particles retain their prior individual identity and characteristics despite being ‘locked together’ by their charge relationship.

 

It should be clear that such a particle association continues to acquire mass and be limited in speed in an identical manner to that discussed for photons in the hypothesis.

 

The particles described above would behave in the manner of the particle known as the neutrino. In possessing essentially zero exhibited charge, these entities are normally neither attracted toward nor repelled by the charges presented by atoms and therefore may only very rarely interact with other matter.

 

* * *

 

Positive and negative charge carriers that differ only slightly in energy have almost identical transition periods [repetition rates]. If the material presence of two such items occurs simultaneously in close proximity to each other the mutual attraction will cause the two to unite as occurred in the case of the neutrino.

 

On subsequent materializations such entities will emerge slightly spatially separated from each other however owing to their non-identical ‘periods’ [conventionally referred to as ‘wavelengths’].

 

If this occurs with sufficient propinquity the two physical particles will be drawn together once again by their charge attraction. This process will recur indefinitely, with a resultant ‘virtual’ period for the new object falling between the repetition times of the original energy components.

 

In a physical sense the positive and negative particles comprising the entity will be locked together as they move in unison at a resultant speed slightly below that of an energy entity not associated in the same manner.

 

This will happen because the physical presence of the higher energy particle will appear on each occurrence at a slightly earlier time (shorter distance) than the less energetic particle, drawing the first particle slightly forward and the second particle slightly backward in space and producing an overall combined ‘measured’ speed (distance divided by time) that is lower than would otherwise be the case.

 

That is, the new [combined] particle of matter will travel at marginally less than the speed of light even though comprised of entities that individually attain the same maximum speed that limits all entities.

 

The minute material object formed in such a union will continue to exhibit a small residual charge as in the case of the neutrino but as the physical association of the particles is more distant in this case and their charges differ slightly, the charge affecting other objects will operate over a greater distance and be dominated by that of the more energetic particle. This allows them to repel and attract other entities depending upon relative physical charge orientations and this may lead to the accumulation of equivalent entities causing the formation of more complex matter.

 

Such accumulations may conceptually consist of pairs or groups of pairs bound together in chains of progressively greater energy difference. Particles of matter taking such a form may collectively travel at a considerably lower speed than the transition speed of its constituents, that is, well below the speed of light.

It is suggested that a process such as that described above ultimately results in hydrogen atoms comprised of individual photons both positive and negative, which individually cycle through the energetic and material states and propagate at ‘the speed of light’ but provide no nett accelerating force for the atomic entity as a whole.

Photon pairs comprised of two very low energy [very long repetition period] components will exhibit extremely low charges even in very close proximity to the combined entity and this, in addition to their widely spaced charge maxima, causes interaction with much slower moving matter accumulations [normal matter] to occur only rarely. Several distinct combinations of this nature are likely to occur where one pair of photons differs from the next on the basis of energy. This would produce neutrinos of several differing energy levels.

A neutrino of very low energy [low repetition rate and thus large physical spacing between materializations] may not materialize at all in its passage through the Earth. If it does materialize within the planet its extremely low effective charge will make interaction with atoms within the Earth very rare and difficult to detect.

Possibility of Multiple Universes:

If matter is only periodically present in the manner described we are presented with the implication that a Multiverse of a nature different from those presently proposed is possible.

Consider a Pulse Train of a given PRR [Pulse Repetition Rate], with each pulse occurrence representing the materialization of this universe.

 

It is postulated that Universes presenting a periodic material presence in the above manner will co-exist in the same space without interaction between them and that the forces involved in the initial formation of matter would have prevented and still do prevent the formation of time and location coincident matter.

Particles of matter that do not materialize in sync with the 'time slice' of a universe may appear briefly within it as a 'virtual' particle from time-to-time.

If the material universe formed from a ‘sea’ of energy as suggested earlier in this paper it may be seen that alternate physical realities in the same spatial location could be anticipated to form material bodies of a similar nature to each other. This presents the possibility of an essentially identical Earth existing in a ‘time slice’ adjacent to our own but seemingly forever inaccessible.

Should technology be developed capable of bridging the minute temporal gap between adjacent time slices for a defined material object [such as a vessel], use of such technology within the vicinity of matter in the arrival universe would almost certainly fail catastrophically, and have serious repercussions in both universes.

It is suggested that such efforts should only be made in distant reaches of space far from any material thing.

Any physical arrival on Earth from such a source would therefore be 'from space' in a space ship.